(a) Active into Passive: (কৰ্তৃবাচ্যৰ পৰা কৰ্মবাচ্যলৈ)

1. Subject comes to the place of the Object and Object goes to the place of the Subject. Subject is a person, thing or anything that does an action and Object is a person, thing or anything upon which the action is done. During this process of interchange, the pronouns undergo the following changes. (Active Voice ৰ পৰা Passive Voice লৈ নিওতে কৰ্তা অৰ্থাৎ Subject টো Object ৰ স্থানলৈ আহে আৰু Object টো Subject ৰ স্থানলৈ যায়। Subject হ’ল সেই বস্তু বা ব্যক্তি যিয়ে কিবা এটা কাৰ্য কৰে আৰু Object হ’ল সেই বস্ত বা ব্যক্তি যাক উদ্দেশ্য কৰি বা যাৰ ওপৰত কাৰ্যটো সম্পন্ন কৰা হয়। Subject আৰু Object ৰ স্থানৰ এই সালসলনি কৰোতে Pronoun ৰো নিম্নলিখিত পৰিবৰ্তনসমূহ হয়।)
   I-Me,We-us, He-Him, She-Her, They-Them
2. Auxiliaries are used immediately after bringing the Object to the position of the Subject. Auxiliaries like am, is, are, was, were, has been, have been, be, etc. are placed according to the Tense of the sentence and Number of the Object brought to the place of the Subject. (Object টো Subject ৰ স্থানলৈ অনাৰ ঠিক পাছতেই সহায়কাৰী ক্ৰিয়া বা Auxiliaries বোৰ বহুওৱা হয়। এইক্ষেত্ৰত Tense বা কাল আৰু Number বা বচনৰ ওপৰত লক্ষ্য ৰাখি সহায়কাৰী ক্ৰিয়াসমূহ যেনে am, is, are, was, were, has, been, have been, had been, be আদি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।)
3. The Past Participle Form of the Verb is used in the Indefinite Tenses (Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite) immediately after the auxiliaries. However, ‘being’ is used before the Past Participle Form of the Verb in Continuous Tenses (Present Continuous, Past Continuous and Future Continuous Tenses). (Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite আদি Tenseত সহায়কাৰী ক্ৰিয়া বা Auxiliaries ৰ ঠিক পাছতেই ক্ৰিয়াপদ অৰ্থাৎ Verbৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে Present Continuous, Past Continuous, Future Continuous আদি Tense ত Past Participle Form ৰ আগত being ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।)
4. The auxiliary “been” is used after has/ have/ had/ shall have/ will have/ might have/ could have/ would have/ ought to have/ should have etc. in Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect and Conditional Tenses. (Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect আৰু Conditional Tenseত has/have/ had/shall have /will have/might have/ could have/ would have/ ought to have/ should have আদিৰ ঠিক পাছতেই beenৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।) For example,
   I could have done this. (Active)— It could have been done by me.(Passive)
   She will have finished the work before sunset. (Active)— The work will have been finished by her before sunset. (Passive)
   She has achieved a milestone in sports.(Active) —A milestone has been achieved by her in sports. (Passive)
5. On most occasions the preposition “by” is placed after the Past Participle Form of the Verb. However other prepositions like ‘to’, ‘at’, ‘with’ are also used. Sometimes the word in the Object place is not required to be mentioned and in such situations the preposition also becomes redundant. (ক্ৰিয়াপদ অৰ্থাৎ Verbৰ Past Participle Form ৰ পাছত অব্যয় অৰ্থাৎ Preposition ৰ প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়। অধিকাংশ বাক্যত by preposition ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা দেখা যায়।অন্যান্য preposition যেনে at, to, with আদিও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।) For example,
   His behaviour annoyed me. (Active) —I was annoyed at his behaviour. (Passive)
   Her words pleased me. (Active) —I was pleased with her words.(Passive)
   I knew him as a student. (Active)—He was known to me as a student.(Passive)
   Her progress satisfied the teachers.(Active)— The teachers were satisfied with her progress.(Passive)
   Her reaction surprised him.(Active)— He was surprised at her reaction.(Passive)
   A storm damaged the house.(Active)— The house was damaged by a storm.(Passive)
6. The Negative and Interrogative sentences which contain ‘do/ does/did’, are changed into Passive Voice by replacing ‘do/ does’ with ‘am/is /are’ and ‘did’ with ‘was/were’. For example, (Do/ does/did থকা Negative আৰু Interrogative বাক্যত do/ does/did ৰ স্থানত কাল (Tense)আৰু বচন(Number )অনুসৰি am/is/are/was/were বহুৱাই অন্যান্য আৱশ্যকীয় পৰিবৰ্তনসমূহ কৰা হয়। Do/doesৰ স্থানত am/is/are আৰু did ৰ স্থানত was/were ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে-
   I do not like coffee.(Active)— Coffee is not liked by me.(Passive)
   Do you like chocolates? (Active)— Are chocolates liked by you?(Passive)
   Does he sell vegetables?(Active)-Are vegetables sold by him?(Passive)
   Did you buy the medicines?(Active)— Were the medicines bought by you? (Passive)
   When did you visit the Jagannath temple in Puri?(Active)— When was the Jagannath temple in Puri visited by you?(Passive)
   When did you meet her ?(Active)— When was she met by you?(Passive)
7. There are certain verbs after which prepositions are inseparably used to express the intended meaning. Such prepositions will always be placed after those verbs before adding an additional preposition in the Passive Voice. For example, (এনে কিছুমান Verb আছে যাৰ লগত উপযুক্ত অৰ্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান Preposition অভিন্নভাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। এনে বাক্যবোৰক Passive কৰিবলৈ Verb টোৰ লগত থকা Preposition টো লিখাৰ পাছতহে অন্য Preposition ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি। যেনে—
   The lady looks after the orphan.(Active)— The orphan is looked after by the lady.(Passive)
   The Principal presided over the meeting.(Active)— The meeting was presided over by the Principal.(Passive)
   The employees called off the strike yesterday.(Active)— The strike was called off by the employees yesterday.(Passive)
8. Imperative Sentence অৰ্থাৎ আদেশ, অনুৰোধসূচক বাক্যক Passive Voiceলৈ নিওতে -Let+Object+be+Past Participle Form of Verb-এই সূত্ৰ মানি চলা হয়। অৱশ্যে যিবিলাক Imperative বাক্যত এই নিয়ম মানি চলিব নোৱাৰি, সিহঁতৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত-You are requested /advised/asked/ordered+1st Form of the verb+ remaining part of sentence-এই সূত্ৰ মানি চলা হয়। কিন্তু Do not ৰে আৰম্ভ হোৱা বাক্যক Passive কৰিবলৈ You are requested/advised/asked/ordered+not to+1st Form of the Verb + remaining part of the sentence -এই সূত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে-
   (i) Do the work. (A)- Let the work be done.(P)
   (ii) Clean the room. (A)- Let the room be cleaned.(P)
   (iii) Shut the door. (A)- Let the door be shut.(P)
   (iv) Do not smoke. (A)- You are advised not to smoke (P)
   (v) Give up your bad habits. (A)- You are advised to give up your bad habits.(P)
   (vi) Be punctual. (A)- You are asked to be punctual.(P)
   (vii) Do not see a bad picture. (A)- You are advised not to see a bad picture.(P)
   (viii) Please help me. (A)- You are requested to help me.(P)
   (ix) Do not lend him money. (A)- You are advised not to lend him money.(P)
   (x) Go there. (A)- You are asked to go there.(P)
   (xi) Sit down. (A)- You are asked to sit down.(P)
   (xii) Please tell me the truth. (A)- You are requested to tell me the truth. (P)

Rules of Changing Voice.
(b) Passive into Active: (কৰ্মবাচ্যৰ পৰা কৰ্তৃবাচ্যলৈ)

1. The Subject is brought to the original position of the Subject. If there is no Subject,we have to find out a Subject according to the meaning conveyed by the main verb. The following practices are to be kept in mind while placing the Subject at its position. (Subject অৰ্থাৎ কৰ্তাক ইয়াৰ নিজৰ স্থানলৈ অনা হয়। যদি Subject নাথাকে, তেতিয়া Verb এ প্ৰকাশ কৰা অৰ্থৰ ভিত্তিত উপযুক্ত কৰ্তা বা Subject বিচাৰি উলিয়াব লাগে। কৰ্তা অৰ্থাৎ Subject টো বিচাৰি উলিয়াবলৈ হ’লে নিম্নলিখিত নিয়মসমূহ মনত ৰাখি থ’লে সুবিধা হ’ব।)
   (i) ‘Someone/Somebody/Something’ is used as a Subject if the action done is morally, socially or legally unacceptable. Mentioning the identity of the person or thing doing the action is either not necessary or risky in such situations. For example, He was murdered. (Passive)— Someone murdered him.(Active). (যদিহে সম্পন্ন হোৱা কাৰ্যটো নৈতিক, সামাজিক আৰু আইনগত দিশৰ পৰা গ্ৰহনযোগ্য নহয়,তেতিয়া Someone/Somebody ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। এনেকুৱা প্ৰায়বিলাক পৰিস্থিতিত আমি কৰ্তাজন চিনি নাপাওঁ বুলি ধৰি লোৱা হয় বা কৰ্তাজনৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই।)
   I was hit on the head during the storm.(Passive)— Something hit me on the head during the storm.(Active)
   Somebody/Someone — refers to persons
   Something- refers to objects or things.
   (ii) ‘They’ is used as a Subject when the action done is good and acceptable, but it is difficult to mention a single doer because there are several persons involved in it. (কেইবাজনো কৰ্তা জড়িত থকা এটা ভাল আৰু গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কাৰ্যত পৃথক পৃথককৈ কৰ্তাসকলক উল্লেখ নকৰি They ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।) For example,
   We were invited to the function.(Passive)— They invited us to the function.(Active)
   The dead body was removed from the street.(Passive)— They removed the dead body from the street.(Active)
   She was admitted in a Nursing Home.(Passive)— They admitted her in a Nursing Home.(Active)
   The bridge was completed in a record time.(Passive).— They completed the bridge in a record time.(Active)

(iii) The Subject of a sentence becomes ‘People/We’ if it refers to a recognition given to a popular leader or celebrity or something that has worldwide recognition. (যেতিয়া এজন বিশেষ জনপ্ৰিয় ব্যক্তি বা এটা বিশেষ বস্তক সকলো জনতাই স্বীকৃতি দিয়ে আৰু বাক্যটোৱে সেই অৰ্থটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ কৰে, তেতিয়া Subject ৰ স্থানত People বা We ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে-) For example,
Mahatma Gandhi is called the Father of our Nation.(Passive)— People call Mahatma Gandhi the Father of our Nation.(Active)
The Rose is called the Queen of Flowers.(Passive)— People call the Rose the Queen of Flowers.(Active)
The lion is called the King of beasts.(Passive)-People call the lion the King of beasts.(Active)
English is spoken all over the world.(Passive)— People speak English all over the world.(Active)
Football is played everywhere.(Passive)— People play football everywhere.(Active)

(iv) The following are a few examples of some Subjects that may be used according to the meaning of words used in a sentence: (বাক্যত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা ক্ৰিয়াপদ অৰ্থাৎ Verb আৰু অন্যান্য শব্দসমূহে ইংগিত কৰা অৰ্থৰ ভিত্তিত নিম্নলিখিত কৰ্তাসমূহ অৰ্থাৎ Subject ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।)
Death of soldiers in a battle— The Enemy(Subject)
Act of arrest— The Police(Subject)
Was burnt to ashes — Fire(Subject)
Punishment to students— The Teacher/The Principal
Operation/surgery of a patient: The Surgeon/The doctor
Verdict of a court — The Judge/The Jury(Subject)
Act of cultivation -Farmers/The farmers(Subject)

2. The auxiliaries are removed from the Tenses mentioned against them: (Passive Voice ৰ পৰা Active Voice লৈ নিওতে সহায়কাৰী ক্ৰিয়াসমূহ(Auxiliaries) আতৰাই দিব লাগে। কোনটো Tense ৰ পৰা কোনবিলাক Auxiliaries আতৰাব লাগে, সেইয়া তলত উল্লেখ কৰা হ’ল।)
   Am, is, are — from Present Indefinite Tense. (নিত্য বৰ্তমান কাল অৰ্থাৎ Present Indefinite Tense ৰ বাক্যৰ পৰা am/is/are অপসাৰণ কৰিব লাগে)
   Was, were— from Past Indefinite Tense. (Past Indefinite Tense ৰ পৰা was/ were আতৰাব লাগে।)
   Accidents are caused by carelessness.(Passive)— Carelessness causes accidents.(Active)
   He was dismissed from services.(Passive)— They dismissed him from services.(Active)
   ‘Be’— from Future Indefinite Tense and Sentences using ‘must, can, should, would, may, ought to, has/have /had to, going to etc’ (Future Indefinite Tenseৰ পৰা be আতৰাব লাগে। লগতে must, may, can, should, would, might, ought to, have/has /had to, going to আদিৰ পাছত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা be টোও আতৰাব লাগে।)
   For example, The work has to be done by me. (Passive)— I have to do the work.(Active)
   The work is going to be finished soon.(Passive)— They are going to finish the work soon.(Active)
   ‘Being’— from Continuous and Perfect Continuous Tenses. (Present Continuous, Past Continuous, Future Continuous আৰু Perfect Continuous Tense ৰ পৰা beingক আতৰাব লাগে।)
   The work is being done by me.(Passive)— I am doing the work.(Active)
   Been— from Perfect Tenses (Present Perfect, Past Perfect & Future Perfect) and Conditional Tenses. (Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect আৰু Conditional Tense বোৰত থকা been টো আতৰাব লাগে।) For example,
   The temple has been visited by me several times.(Passive)— I have visited the temple several times.(Active)
   The work could have been finished early.(Passive)— They could have finished the work early.(Active)
3. The Past Participle Forms of the verbs are changed into Present Indefinite and Past Indefinite form according to the Tense of the sentence. However the Past Participle Form is retained in Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect and Conditional Tenses. (ক্ৰিয়াপদ অৰ্থাৎ Verbৰ Past Participle Form ক বাক্যটোৰ কাল বা Tense অনুসৰি Present Indefinite আৰু Past Indefinite Tense লৈ পৰিবৰ্তন কৰিব লাগে।অৱশ্যে Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect আৰু Conditional Tense ত Past Participle Form টো বাহাল ৰখা হয়।)
   Examples:
   The temple is visited regularly by my grandmother. (Passive)— My grandmother visits the temple regularly.(Active)
   The play, Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare. (Passive)— William Shakespeare wrote the play, Hamlet. (Active)
   The school will be visited by the Education Minister tomorrow.(Passive)— The Education Minister will visit the school tomorrow.(Active)
   The constitution must be obeyed by every citizen.(Passive)— Every citizen must obey the constitution.(Active)
   A new scheme for public welfare is going to be launched by the government. (Passive)— The government is going to launch a new scheme for public welfare.(Active)
   The sum has been done by the girl.(Passive)— The girl has done the sum.(Active)
   The project will have been completed by the end of this week.(Passive)— They will have completed the project by the end of this week.(Active)
   Grand success would have been attained if they had worked hard.(Passive)— They would have attained grand success if they had worked hard.(Active)
4. Prepositions used to make Passive structures, are omitted while changing into Active voice. However, prepositions that are necessary to express the meaning, are retained. (Passive বাক্য গঠন কৰিবলৈ প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা অব্যয় অৰ্থাৎ Preposition সমূহ লৈ Active Voice নিওতে আতৰাই দিব লাগে। অৱশ্যে যিবিলাক ক্ৰিয়াপদ অৰ্থাৎ Verb ৰ অৰ্থপ্ৰকাশৰ বাবে সিহতৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংগ হৈ থাকে,সিহতক আতৰাব নোৱাৰি। যেনে-) For example,
   Many changes in the school have been brought about by the new Principal. (Passive)— The new Principal has brought about many changes in the school. (Active)
   The child is being taken care of by the grandmother.(Passive)— The grandmother is taking care of the child.(Active)

Prepared by:
Shri Rupjyoti Goswami
Post Graduate Teacher (English)
Bhogeswar Hazarika Girls’ HS School, Bebejia,Nagaon, Assam.
Whatsapp No -9864425896,
email:rupjyotigoswami983@gmail.com